Xov Xwm Kev Lag Luam: GPU tsav qhov kev thov rau silicon wafers

Silicon yog cov khoom siv thib ob hauv ntiaj teb, tom qab cov pa oxygen, thiab cov khoom siv thib xya hauv ntiaj teb.Silicon yog ib tug semiconductor, txhais tau tias nws muaj hluav taws xob khoom ntawm conductors (xws li tooj liab) thiab insulators (xws li iav).Ib qho me me ntawm txawv teb chaws atoms hauv cov qauv silicon tuaj yeem hloov pauv nws tus cwj pwm, yog li qhov purity ntawm semiconductor-qib silicon yuav tsum xav tsis thoob.Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus purity tau txais rau hauv qib hluav taws xob silicon yog 99.999999%.

Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tsuas yog ib qho atom uas tsis yog-silicon tau tso cai rau txhua kaum billion atoms.Cov dej haus zoo tso cai rau 40 lab cov dej tsis muaj dej, uas yog 50 lab lub sij hawm tsawg dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob-qib silicon.

Dawb silicon wafer manufacturers yuav tsum hloov siab-purity silicon rau hauv ib qho zoo nkauj crystal qauv.Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev qhia ib leej niam siv lead ua rau molten silicon ntawm qhov tsim nyog kub.Raws li tus ntxhais tshiab muaju pib loj hlob nyob ib ncig ntawm niam siv lead ua, silicon ingot maj mam tsim los ntawm cov silicon molten.Cov txheej txheem qeeb thiab yuav siv sij hawm ib lub lim tiam.Cov silicon tiav lawm hnyav txog 100 kilograms thiab tuaj yeem ua ntau dua 3,000 wafers.

Cov wafers yog txiav rau hauv nyias slices siv zoo heev pob zeb diamond hlau.Qhov tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej silicon txiav yog siab heev, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li, lossis lawv yuav pib siv cov cuab yeej los ua tej yam dag rau lawv cov plaub hau.Cov lus qhia luv luv rau kev tsim cov silicon wafers yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab tsis ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev koom tes;tab sis nws cia siab tias yuav muab keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev nkag siab tob txog kev lag luam silicon wafer.

Cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau kev sib raug zoo ntawm silicon wafers

Lub lag luam silicon wafer yog dominated los ntawm plaub lub tuam txhab.Tau ntev, kev ua lag luam tau nyob hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau.
Kev poob qis hauv kev muag khoom semiconductor hauv 2023 tau ua rau kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm cov khoom siv ntau dhau, ua rau cov khoom lag luam chips sab hauv thiab sab nraud muaj siab.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog qhov xwm txheej ib ntus xwb.Raws li kev lag luam rov qab los, kev lag luam yuav sai sai rov qab los rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub peev xwm thiab yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntxiv los ntawm AI kiv puag ncig.Kev hloov pauv los ntawm ib txwm siv CPU-based architecture mus rau kev ua kom nrawm nrawm yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tag nrho kev lag luam, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau cov nqi qis ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architectures xav tau ntau qhov chaw silicon

Raws li qhov kev thov rau kev ua tau zoo nce, GPU cov tuam txhab yuav tsum kov yeej qee qhov kev txwv tsim kom ua tiav kev ua tau zoo dua los ntawm GPUs.Pom tseeb, ua kom cov nti loj dua yog ib txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo dua, vim tias cov hluav taws xob tsis nyiam mus deb ntawm cov chips sib txawv, uas txwv kev ua haujlwm.Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev txwv rau kev ua kom lub nti loj dua, hu ua "retina limit".

Qhov kev txwv lithography yog hais txog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov nti uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv ib kauj ruam hauv lub tshuab lithography siv hauv kev tsim khoom semiconductor.Qhov kev txwv no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws magnetic teb loj ntawm cov khoom siv lithography, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov stepper lossis scanner siv hauv cov txheej txheem lithography.Rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, lub npog ntsej muag feem ntau yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 858 square millimeters.Qhov kev txwv loj no tseem ceeb heev vim tias nws txiav txim siab thaj tsam siab tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem ua qauv ntawm lub wafer hauv ib qho raug.Yog tias lub wafer loj dua qhov kev txwv no, ntau qhov kev nthuav tawm yuav tsum tau ua kom tag nrho cov qauv ntawm wafer, uas yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo rau kev tsim khoom loj vim qhov nyuaj thiab kev sib tw.Tus tshiab GB200 yuav kov yeej qhov kev txwv no los ntawm kev sib txuas ob lub nti substrates nrog cov particle loj txwv rau hauv silicon interlayer, tsim ib qho super-particle-limited substrate uas loj dua ob zaug.Lwm qhov kev txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm yog qhov nco thiab qhov deb ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawd (xws li nco bandwidth).Tshiab GPU architectures kov yeej qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev siv stacked high-bandwidth nco (HBM) uas tau nruab rau tib silicon interposer nrog ob GPU chips.Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm silicon, qhov teeb meem nrog HBM yog tias txhua qhov me me ntawm thaj tsam silicon yog ob npaug ntawm cov tsoos DRAM vim qhov kev sib txuas siab uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau siab bandwidth.HBM kuj tseem koom ua ke ib lub logic tswj nti rau hauv txhua pawg, ua rau thaj tsam silicon.Kev suav ntxhib qhia tau hais tias thaj chaw silicon siv hauv 2.5D GPU architecture yog 2.5 mus rau 3 npaug ntawm cov tsoos 2.0D architecture.Raws li tau hais ua ntej, tshwj tsis yog cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tau npaj rau qhov kev hloov pauv no, silicon wafer muaj peev xwm yuav nruj heev dua.

Yav tom ntej muaj peev xwm ntawm silicon wafer ua lag luam

Thawj ntawm peb txoj cai ntawm kev tsim khoom semiconductor yog qhov nyiaj feem ntau yuav tsum tau nqis peev thaum muaj nyiaj tsawg kawg nkaus.Qhov no yog vim kev lag luam lub voj voog, thiab cov tuam txhab semiconductor muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj ua raws li txoj cai no.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab, feem ntau silicon wafer manufacturers tau lees paub qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no thiab yuav luag peb npaug ntawm lawv cov peev nyiaj hauv peb lub hlis twg hauv ob peb lub hlis dhau los.Txawm tias muaj kev lag luam nyuaj, qhov no tseem yog qhov teeb meem.Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav ntxiv yog tias qhov sib txawv no tau mus ntev.Silicon wafer cov tuam txhab muaj hmoo lossis paub qee yam uas lwm tus tsis ua.Lub semiconductor mov saw yog lub sijhawm tshuab uas tuaj yeem kwv yees lub neej yav tom ntej.Koj lub neej yav tom ntej yuav yog lwm tus yav dhau los.Txawm tias peb tsis tau txais cov lus teb ib txwm, peb yuav luag txhua zaus tau txais cov lus nug tsim nyog.